----BEGIN CLASS----
[13:59] <mbuf> #startclass
[13:59] <mbuf> Roll call
[13:59] <priyankasaggu119> Priyanka Saggu
[13:59] <storymode7> Mayank Singhal
[13:59] <akshayg96> Akshay Gaikwad
[14:00] <bhavin192> Bhavin Gandhi
[14:00] <ann> Anu Kumari Gupta
[14:00] <mbuf> I did not have power, and it just came back. Hopefully, it lasts. If I disconnect, do not panic. I will try to login through my mobile connection.
[14:00] <aswanipranjal> Pranjal Aswani
[14:01] <gutsytechster> Prashant Sharma
[14:01] <mbuf> Today is a good day to have a session.
[14:01] <pooja_s> 0pooja sulakhe
[14:01] <pooja_s> pooja sulakhe
[14:02] <mbuf> Today, we will go through Calc.
[14:02] <souvikhaldar> Souvik Haldar
[14:02] <mbuf> Calc is an advanced calculator and mathematical tool that is part of GNUU Emacs.
[14:02] <mbuf> First, open Emacs using "emacs -Q"
[14:02] <mbuf> s/GNUU/GNU/
[14:03] <mbuf> You can do a quick calculation in the minibuffer using:
[14:03] <mbuf> => C-x * q
[14:03] <mbuf> At the minibuffer, it will prompt with "Quick calc:", and you can input "2 + 3"
[14:04] <mbuf> And the result is shown in the minibuffer as "Result: 2 + 3 => 5 (16#5, 8#5, 2#101, "^E")
[14:04] <mbuf> But, if you want to open Calc inside GNU Emacs, you can use:
[14:04] <mbuf> => C-x * c
[14:04] <mbuf> It will open two windows, Calc and *Calc Trail*
[14:05] <mbuf> The Calc window has "--- Emacs Calculator Mode ---" in it.
[14:05] <mbuf> You can stop Calc using:
[14:05] <mbuf> => q
[14:05] <sandeepK> Sandeep Kumar Choudhary
[14:06] <mbuf> What you see in the "Calc" window is a representation of a stack.
[14:06] <mbuf> You can enter your calculation either in RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) or in algebraic form
[14:06] <mbuf> For example:
[14:07] <mbuf> => '2+3 <enter>
[14:07] <mbuf> When you input ' (single quote), at the minibuffer, you will be prompted with "Algebraic:", where you can input '2 + 3' and hit enter
[14:08] <mbuf> The result 5 is displayed in the Calc window
[14:08] <mbuf> If you want to do this using the RPN syntax, you will have to do:
[14:08] <mbuf> => 2 RET 3 +
[14:09] <mbuf> When you input '2 RET' (RET is <enter>), it is pushed to the Calc window.
[14:09] <mbuf> Then you input 3, and when you immediately give the '+' operator, it takes '3' and the top of the stack '2' and computes the sum
[14:10] <mbuf> Anytime, if you make a mistake and you want to abort the operation, use:
[14:10] <mbuf> => C-g
[14:10] <mbuf> You can undo the last operation using:
[14:10] <mbuf> => U
[14:10] <mbuf> You can also redo the last operation using:
[14:10] <mbuf> => D
[14:11] <mbuf> Let us try another example:
[14:11] <mbuf> => '2*(3+4) RET
[14:11] <mbuf> The above is the algebraic form.
[14:11] <mbuf> The same in RPN style will be:
[14:12] <mbuf> => 2 RET 3 RET 4 + *
[14:12] <mbuf> You should see the result 14 in the Calc window
[14:12] <mbuf> As you input commands and results are computed, these are also visible in the *Calc Trail* window
[14:13] <mbuf> If you want to reset Calc to initial state, you can use:
[14:13] <mbuf> => C-x * 0
[14:13] <mbuf> Or, you can also keep pressing "C-d" to remove the entries in the Calc window
[14:14] <mbuf> If you want to recall the last arguments, you can use:
[14:14] <mbuf> => M-RET
[14:14] <mbuf> The other arithmetic operators which you are familiar with are -, *, /
[14:14] <mbuf> If you want to raise to a power, you can use:
[14:14] <mbuf> => ^
[14:14] <mbuf> For example:
[14:15] <mbuf> => 2 RET 4 ^
[14:15] <mbuf> The result is 2 raised to the power 4 which is 16.
[14:15] <mbuf> You can find nth root using:
[14:15] <mbuf> => I ^
[14:16] <mbuf> For example:
[14:16] <mbuf> => 16 RET 2 RET I ^
[14:16] <mbuf> The result will be 4.
[14:16] <mbuf> You can change the sign of a number using:
[14:16] <mbuf> => n
[14:17] <mbuf> The sign of the top-most element of the stack will be updated.
[14:17] <mbuf> You can find the reciprocal 1/x using:
[14:17] <mbuf> => &
[14:18] <mbuf> If you have 5 in the stack, and used '&', it will result in 0.2
[14:18] <mbuf> You can find the square root of a number using:
[14:18] <mbuf> => Q
[14:18] <mbuf> Using RPN style, for example: "4 Q" will give you 2.
[14:19] <mbuf> You can refer to the previous result in the next computation using '$'. So, if you have 2 in the top of the stack
[14:19] <mbuf> And you executed the arithmetic expression:
[14:19] <mbuf> => '3*$^2
[14:20] <mbuf> It will yield the result 12 (=3 * 2^2).
[14:20] <mbuf> If you want, you can change the precision using:
[14:20] <mbuf> => p
[14:20] <mbuf> If you have a long arithmetic expression, you can scroll horizontally using:
[14:20] <mbuf> => <
[14:20] <mbuf> OR
[14:20] <mbuf> => >
[14:21] <mbuf> You can scroll the Calc buffer vertically using:
[14:21] <mbuf> => {
[14:21] <mbuf> or
[14:21] <mbuf> => }
[14:21] <mbuf> By default, you see the line numbers. You can toggle them on/off using:
[14:21] <mbuf> => d l
[14:22] <mbuf> If you do not want to see the trail display, you can also turn it on/off using:
[14:22] <mbuf> => t d
[14:22] <mbuf> If you are using large numbers, and you want to group the digits with comma for readability, you can use:
[14:22] <mbuf> => d g
[14:22] <mbuf> When you issue the command, you will see "Grouping is on" in the minibuffer
[14:23] <mbuf> So, if you input, say "100000", it will be displayed as "100,000".
[14:23] <mbuf> Let us know look at some basic notations that are used in Calc
[14:24] <mbuf> The scientific notation can be written as 6.02e23
[14:24] <mbuf> Fractions can be written as 3:4
[14:24] <mbuf> So, if you will get the result if you add 1:4 and 3:4
[14:25] <mbuf> => 1:4 RET 3:4 +
[14:25] <mbuf> Complex numbers are written as (x, y)
[14:25] <mbuf> Polar representation of complex numbers are written as (r; 0)
[14:26] <mbuf> Vectors are written as [1, 2, 3] (The comma is optional)
[14:26] <mbuf> You can do matrix computation as well! Matrices or nested vectors are represented as [1, 2; 3, 4]
[14:27] <mbuf> The Hour-Minute-Second (HMS) notation is 5@ 30' 0"
[14:27] <mbuf> The modulo form is 6 mod 24
[14:27] <mbuf> Let us know look at few scientific functions
[14:27] <mbuf> s/know/now/
[14:28] <mbuf> The Natural log function is given by:
[14:28] <mbuf> => ln
[14:28] <mbuf> The natural log of 1 is 0. The same in RPN style is as follows:
[14:28] <mbuf> => 1 ln
[14:28] <mbuf> And the result 0 is in the top of the stack.
[14:29] <mbuf> You can find logarithm to the base 10 using:
[14:29] <mbuf> => H L
[14:29] <mbuf> The logarithm of 2 to the base 10 is 0.3010, as can be seen using:
[14:29] <mbuf> => 2 H L
[14:29] <mbuf> When you press 'H', the minibuffer will say "Hyperbolic..."
[14:30] <mbuf> You can of course find logarithm to any base 'b' using:
[14:30] <mbuf> => B
[14:31] <mbuf> Let us try the same logarithm of 2 to base 10 using any base style:
[14:31] <mbuf> => 2 RET 10 B
[14:31] <mbuf> This should again give you the result 0.3010
[14:31] <mbuf> You can find exponential e^x as well using:
[14:31] <mbuf> => E
[14:32] <mbuf> You know that e^1 = 2.7182
[14:32] <mbuf> The RPN syntax for the above is:
[14:32] <mbuf> => 1 E
[14:32] <mbuf> You can also compute 10^x using:
[14:32] <mbuf> => H E
[14:33] <mbuf> So, for 10^2 = 100, in RPN style:
[14:33] <mbuf> => 2 H E
[14:34] <mbuf> But, there is more. You can do trigonometry as well!
[14:34] <mbuf> You know that sin 90 is 1. You can compute sin using:
[14:34] <mbuf> => S
[14:34] <mbuf> => 90 S
[14:34] <mbuf> The above is for computing sin 90 which will result in 1.
[14:35] <mbuf> You can compute cosine using:
[14:35] <mbuf> => C
[14:35] <mbuf> You know that cos 0 is also 1. So, the RPN style is:
[14:35] <mbuf> => 0 C
[14:35] <mbuf> For tan, you can use:
[14:35] <mbuf> => T
[14:35] <mbuf> You know that tangent 45 is 1.
[14:35] <mbuf> => 45 T
[14:36] <mbuf> Similarly, there are other trigonometric functions. For arcsin:
[14:36] <mbuf> => I S
[14:36] <mbuf> For arccos, use:
[14:36] <mbuf> => I C
[14:36] <mbuf> For arctan, use:
[14:36] <mbuf> => I T
[14:36] <mbuf> If you want the value of Pi, just use:
[14:37] <mbuf> => P
[14:37] <mbuf> You will the value 3.14159265359 in the stack
[14:37] <mbuf> If you want the angles to be measured in degrees, you can set this using:
[14:37] <mbuf> => m d
[14:38] <mbuf> If you want to switch to using radian mode, use:
[14:38] <mbuf> => m r
[14:38] <mbuf> You can also compute factorial using:
[14:38] <mbuf> => !
[14:38] <mbuf> The factorial of 5 is 120. In RPN style:
[14:38] <mbuf> => 5 !
[14:38] <mbuf> The factorial of 0 is 1. In RPN style:
[14:38] <mbuf> => 0 !
[14:39] <mbuf> You can also do permutations and combinations.
[14:39] <mbuf> To find combinations, use:
[14:39] <mbuf> => k c
[14:40] <mbuf> So, 5C3 is 10. In RPN style:
[14:40] <mbuf> => 5 RET 3 k c
[14:40] <mbuf> To find permutations, use:
[14:40] <mbuf> => H k c
[14:41] <mbuf> So, 5P3 is 60. In RPN style:
[14:41] <mbuf> => 5 RET 3 H k c
[14:42] <mbuf> You can find prime factorization for a number using:
[14:42] <mbuf> => k f
[14:42] <mbuf> For the number 60, if you find the prime factorization, you will get [2, 2, 3, 5]
[14:42] <mbuf> In RPN style:
[14:42] <mbuf> => 60 k f
[14:43] <mbuf> You can find the GCD of two numbers using:
[14:43] <mbuf> => k g
[14:43] <mbuf> The GCD of 10 and 5 is 5. In RPN style:
[14:43] <mbuf> => 10 RET 5 k g
[14:43] <mbuf> The LCM of two numbers can be found using:
[14:43] <mbuf> => k l
[14:44] <mbuf> The LCM of 10 and 5 is 10. In RPN style:
[14:44] <mbuf> => 10 RET 5 k l
[14:45] <mbuf> A number units can also be mentioned when you input numbers.
[14:45] <mbuf> For distance, the following units are supported: m, cm, mm, km, in, ft, mi, point
[14:45] <mbuf> For volume: l or L, ml; gal, cup, tbsp
[14:45] <mbuf> For mass: g, mg, kg, lb, oz, ton
[14:45] <mbuf> For time: s or sec, ms, us, ns, min, hr, day, wk
[14:46] <mbuf> For temperature: degC, degF, K
[14:46] <mbuf> Let us now look at some Programmer's functions
[14:46] <mbuf> You can display a number in binary using:
[14:46] <mbuf> => d 2
[14:47] <mbuf> So, if you have the number 10 in the top of the stack, and you issued 'd 2', you should see 2#1010, which is the binary equivalent of 10.
[14:47] <mbuf> If you want to display in octal, use:
[14:47] <mbuf> => d 8
[14:47] <mbuf> If you want to display in Hex, use:
[14:47] <mbuf> => d 6
[14:47] <mbuf> If you want to display it back in decimal, use:
[14:47] <mbuf> => d 0
[14:48] <mbuf> You can do a binary AND operation using:
[14:48] <mbuf> => b a
[14:48] <mbuf> You can perform a binary OR operation using:
[14:48] <mbuf> => b o
[14:49] <mbuf> A binary XOR can be performed using:
[14:49] <mbuf> => b x
[14:49] <mbuf> And a binary NOT operation can be done using:
[14:49] <mbuf> => b n
[14:49] <mbuf> You can perform a left shift operation using:
[14:50] <mbuf> => b l
[14:50] <mbuf> You can do a logical shift right using:
[14:50] <mbuf> => b r
[14:51] <mbuf> So, the number 5 in binary is 2#101. If you do a logical shift right, it will become 2#10, or the decimal number 2.
[14:51] <mbuf> You can do an arithmetic right shift using:
[14:51] <mbuf> => b R
[14:51] <mbuf> In this operation, the signed bit value is retained. For example:
[14:52] <mbuf> => 5 n b R d 2
[14:52] <mbuf> You will see that the leading bits are '1'
[14:52] <mbuf> The integer quotient in division can be found using:
[14:52] <mbuf> => \
[14:52] <mbuf> The remainder can be found using:
[14:52] <mbuf> => %
[14:53] <mbuf> You can find the floor of a number using:
[14:53] <mbuf> => F
[14:53] <mbuf> For example, if you want to find the floor of Pi, use:
[14:53] <mbuf> => P F
[14:53] <mbuf> It should show the result 3.
[14:53] <mbuf> You can find the ceiling of a number using:
[14:53] <mbuf> => I F
[14:54] <mbuf> Let us now look at some Vector operations
[14:55] <mbuf> You can create a vector of 1, 2, ..., n using:
[14:55] <mbuf> => v x n
[14:55] <mbuf> So, if you do 'v x 3', it will create the vector [1, 2, 3]. After you type 'x', it will prompt in the minibuffer with the message "Size of vector =".
[14:55] <mbuf> You can find the length of a vector using:
[14:55] <mbuf> =. v l
[14:56] <mbuf> => v l
[14:56] <mbuf> In the above example, it will return the result 3.
[14:56] <mbuf> You can reverse a vector using:
[14:56] <mbuf> => v v
[14:57] <mbuf> You can of course key in your own vector using the numbers separated by space, but, the vector will be displayed with the elements separated by comma.
[14:58] <mbuf> For example, to create the vector [1, 4, 5, 3, 2], you can input: [ 1 <space> 4 <space> 5 <space> 3 <space> 2 ]
[14:58] <mbuf> You can sort a vector using:
[14:58] <mbuf> => v S
[14:58] <mbuf> If you try this command in the above unsorted vector, the result will be [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[14:58] <mbuf> You can extract an element from the vector using:
[14:58] <mbuf> => v r
[14:59] <mbuf> So, "v r 2" will yield 2 in the above vector (after it has been sorted)
[15:01] <mbuf> You can create a two-dimensional matrix, for example, [ [ 1 <space> 2 ] [ 3 <space> 4 ] ]
[15:01] <mbuf> You can create an identity matrix using:
[15:01] <mbuf> => v i
[15:01] <mbuf> Emacs will prompt in the minibuffer with the message "Dimension of identity matrix =", and if you input '2'
[15:02] <mbuf> It will create the identity matrix for the two-dimension [1, 0; 0, 1]
[15:02] <mbuf> Just as how you can extract elements from a vector, you can extract a matrix row using:
[15:02] <mbuf> => v r
[15:02] <mbuf> So, if you extract row 1 from the identity matrix, you will get [1, 0]
[15:02] <mbuf> You can extract a matrix column using:
[15:03] <mbuf> => v c
[15:03] <mbuf> You can add the vectors element wise using:
[15:03] <mbuf> => V M +
[15:04] <mbuf> You can sum the elements in a vector using:
[15:04] <mbuf> => V R +
[15:04] <mbuf> Calc also has the option of storing values to variables.
[15:04] <mbuf> You can store to a variable using:
[15:04] <mbuf> => s t
[15:05] <mbuf> Suppose you have the number 10 in the top of the stack. You can store it to a variable, say 'x' using:
[15:05] <mbuf> => s t x
[15:06] <mbuf> After you type 't', it will prompt in the minibuffer with the message "Store:"
[15:06] <mbuf> You can recall from a variable using:
[15:06] <mbuf> => s r
[15:06] <mbuf> You can also edit the variable using:
[15:06] <mbuf> => s e
[15:07] <mbuf> Now that we have a value for x, if you give an algebraic expression, Emacs can substitute the value for 'x' and give you an answer
[15:08] <mbuf> Let us create an algebraic expression that uses 'x':
[15:08] <mbuf> => 'x+x^2 RET
[15:08] <mbuf> This is in the top-most entry of the stack. To make Calc compute the result, just use:
[15:08] <mbuf> => =
[15:08] <mbuf> It will substitute the value of x with 10, and compute the result for you, which is 110.
[15:09] <mbuf> If you have large exponential expressions, you can opt to use the "big" display mode using:
[15:09] <mbuf> => d B
[15:09] <mbuf> At the minibuffer, you will see the message "Big" language mode.
[15:10] <mbuf> If you have numbers or expressions in another buffer, and you want to select the region and push it to Calc stack, you can use:
[15:10] <mbuf> => C-x * g
[15:10] <mbuf> On the other hand, if you want to copy the result (top of the stack) from Calc to (yank) another buffer, you can use:
[15:11] <mbuf> => C-x * y
[15:11] <mbuf> Let us finally look at ways to get help in Calc
[15:11] <mbuf> If you want to describe a key briefly, you can use:
[15:11] <mbuf> => h c
[15:12] <mbuf> When you input this, at the minibuffer, you will get a prompt "Describe key briefly:". Try '+'
[15:12] <mbuf> It tells you - + runs calc-plus: a b '+' => add(a,b) a+b (?=notes 2)
[15:13] <mbuf> If you want to describe the key fully, you can use:
[15:13] <mbuf> => h k
[15:13] <mbuf> Try the '+' function for 'h k'.
[15:13] <mbuf> It will open the relevant section in the manual.
[15:14] <mbuf> You can open the Calc Info manual using:
[15:14] <mbuf> => h i
[15:14] <mbuf> If you want to get a Calc summary, you can use:
[15:14] <mbuf> => h s
[15:14] <mbuf> There is also a built-in Calc tutorial that you can try using:
[15:14] <mbuf> => C-x * t
[15:15] <mbuf> These are some basic Calc commands for various arithmetic and scientific computation.
[15:15] <mbuf> I have barely scratched the surface. I will encourage you to try it out at your pace, and learn to use it.
[15:15] <mbuf> This can be quite handy, if you are doing lot of mathematics.
[15:16] <mbuf> Are there any questions?
[15:17] <mbuf> Roll Call
[15:17] <priyankasaggu119> Priyanka saggu
[15:17] <storymode7> Mayank Singhal
[15:17] <aswanipranjal> Pranjal Aswani
[15:17] <Shaikh_farhan> Shaikh_farhan
[15:17] <akshayg96> Akshay Gaikwad
[15:17] <ann> Anu Kumari Gupta
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